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Every winter, the same scene plays out. Get togethers move indoors, windows stay shut, and coughs travel from one table to the next, right when the rise in respiratory viruses becomes most noticeable.
The key lies in the nose. When it's cold, the nasal mucosa dries out, and this first barrier becomes less effective. With less protection, viruses can enter more easily. Furthermore, the drop in temperature can cause some of the body's defenses to respond less quickly. That's why we see more infections in winter.
Why the common cold is the most frequent
The common cold is one of the most frequent ailments at this time of year. It's not caused by a single virus. It's caused by "many respiratory viruses," which is why its symptoms recur every year, even though the specific virus responsible may change.
It is usually mild in healthy people. Symptoms include a sore throat, nasal congestion, sneezing, and mucus. In some cases, there is a fever, but it is usually not very high. It is a self-limiting illness and generally does not lead to serious complications.
H1N1 flu: more discomfort and a higher risk of complications
In contrast, influenza A tends to hit harder. It usually causes more general malaise, myalgia (muscle pain), and fatigue. Fever may also be present.
Complications from influenza A are more frequent than with the common cold. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor vulnerable groups more closely.
Who should be most vigilant
There are three groups at higher risk of complications: children under 3 years old; people with bronchial diseases, such as asthma or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); and immunocompromised patients.
In these cases, it's important to be alert to specific signs: very high fever, shortness of breath, and any worsening that suggests complications, such as pneumonia or an exacerbation of chronic illnesses.
In such cases, it is advisable to go to a hospital. There, a chest x-ray and a thorough clinical examination can be performed.
COVID-19: Similar symptoms and a key to differentiating them
Another infection that's "here to stay" is COVID-19. Its symptoms are similar to those of the flu. And here's where a practical problem arises: many symptoms overlap.
Upper respiratory symptoms can be very similar, as can fever. Therefore, to differentiate which virus is causing the symptoms, a specific tool must be used: antigen tests.
How to avoid spreading the virus at home and in enclosed spaces
A key aspect of prevention is vaccination. Wearing a mask is also recommended to avoid spreading the infection, and self-isolating if necessary, especially if you live with immunocompromised or high-risk individuals. Ventilating rooms and enclosed spaces, and washing your hands, are also important.
Another important point is hydration to prevent the nasal passages from becoming excessively dry. And avoid crowded places.
Furthermore, health comes from within, so a good diet, rich in vitamins, is essential, with a focus on vitamin C and vitamin A, found in citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, and tangerines, as well as dark green leafy vegetables. Another key is maintaining adequate levels of vitamin D, as it is linked to the immune system.
Which treatment helps and which doesn't?
Viruses are not treated with antibiotics, so unless complications arise, the focus is on staying well hydrated and eating properly. For general discomfort and fever, people commonly take paracetamol or ibuprofen. To keep the nasal lining moist, saline solution is recommended.
Fever: comfort measures without worsening the condition
When the fever rises, in addition to taking paracetamol or ibuprofen, you can take a simple measure: a shower, but always with lukewarm water.
Never use cold water. The reason is to avoid shivering and further discomfort. A lukewarm shower can relieve discomfort and help lower the temperature somewhat.
How long can a cold last?
The illness usually resolves well in most cases; colds can last one or two weeks. If any complications arise, you should visit your healthcare provider.
